Consonants vs. Vowels
: The essential difference between consonants and vowels would seem to have to do with degree of stricture, i.e. the distance between the active and passive articulators.
: For consonants there is some kind of obstruction(방해) in the oral tract, whereas for vowels there is no such hindrance to the outflow of the air.
More on consonants vs. vowels
: The consonant/vowel distinction rests not so much with the phonetics as with the phonology.
: The vowel is said to be the nucleus (or peak) of the syllable, with any consonants preceding the nucleus said to be in the syllable onset, and any following the nucleus said to be in the syllable coda.
: i.e. pin ('p' is the onset, 'i' is the nucleus, and 'n' is the coda.
: Glide behaves like consonants in that they do NOT form the nuclei of syllables.
: A vowel is a sound produced with open approximation and is a syllable nucleus.
: A glid is produced with open approximation but cannot be a syllable nucleus.
자음의 대분류
Obstruents vs. Sonorant consonants
Obstrusents: The airflow is noticeably restricted, with the articulators either in complete closure or close approximation. i.e. oral stops, fricatives, affricates, there is voiceless vs. voiced distinctions.
Sonorants: There is no such restriction in the oral tract or in the nasal tract; the air has free passage through the vocal tract (either through the oral or nasal tract). i.e. nasal stops, liquids, glides, voiced only.
자음의 구분
-Obstruent Consonants
*Stops
: Stops are characterized by involving complete closure in the oral tract, preventing the airflow from existing through the mouth.
: Stops may be oral or nasal (or glottal).
: Oral stops are voiced or voiceless; nasal stops are voiced only.
-[p, b] - bilabial stops (pig, bear)
-[t, d] - alveorar stops (tiger, dog)
-[k, g] - velar stops (cat, gorilla)
-[?] - glottal stop (uh-oh) -> voiceless only
Variation in stops
1. Aspiration (delayed VOT)
: voiceless stops fall into two classes: aspirated and unaspirated. - i.e. pie, spy; tie, sty; core, score
: Aspirated consonants are followed by a brief puff of air, but unaspirated consonants are not.
: Hold palm in front of your lips and say pie. You will feel a puff of air, which you will not feel when you say spy.
: Precisely speaking, the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated consonants depends on the timing of the vocal cord closure or vibration (which we call voice onset time or simply VOT.
: When you say pin (aspirated p), the vocal cords remain open for a short time after the lips come apart to relese the p.
: When we pronounce the unaspirated p in spin, the vocal cords start vibration as soon as the lips open.
2. Glottalization
: Glottalization or glottal reinforcement: As well as closure in the oral tract, there is an accompanying (brief) closure of the vocal cords, resulting in a kind of dual articulation.
: This glottalization is particularly likely for final stops in emphatic utterances, such as 'stop that!'
: Voiceless stops may be replaced by a glottal stop under some circumstances. i.e. - at night, Britain (before nasal)
-great smile, grape fruit (before a homoganic obstruent)
3. Place assimilation (많은 언어에서도 매우 흔한 현상)
-hot potato bad boy sad man
: In each case, the closure for the 't' ot 'd' will not be alveolar but will be assimilated the place of articulation f the following segment. (cf. homoganic consonants)
Fricatives
: Fricatives are produced when the active articulator is close to, but not actually in contact with, the passive articulator.
: As the air exits, it is forced through a narrow passage between the articulators, resulting in considerable friction, hence the term 'fricative'.
-[f,v] -labio-dental fricatives (fox, vixen)
-[θ,ð] - (inter)dental fricatives (moth, this)
-[s.z] - alveolar fricatives (snake, zebra)
-[ʃ,ʒ] - palato-alveolar fricatives (shrew, measure)
-[h] glottal fricative (haddock) (얘만 무성음)
-[x] voiceless velar fricative (loch in Scottish and Irish) 등등
Variation in fricatives
: Place assimilation to the following consonant
-horse shoe, Miss Universe, misjudge, cross check
-was she, freeze your toes, those shoes, please share
-cf. I'll bet you, I read your book)
: Complete assimilation of [,ð] to a preceding consonant
-in the pub
-all the time
-is there any beer
: Elision(탈락) of [v], [ð], or [θ]
-piece of cake
-could have been
-months, clothes
Affricates
: The difference between affricates and stops lies in the nature of the release: for a standard stop, the active articulator is lowered swiftly and fully, allowing a sudden, unhindered explosion of air: for affricates, the active articulator remains close to the passive articulator, resulting in friction as the air passes between them, as for fricatives.
-[tʃ,dʒ] palato-alveolar affricates
: Phonetically, affricates are similar to a stop followed by a fricative; however, they do not behave like a sequence of two segments.
-Sonorant Consonants
Nasal
: Nasals are a variety of stop; they are formed with complete closure in the oral tract.
: The difference between nasal and oral stop is that for nasals the velum is lowered, allowing air into(and out through) the nasal cavity.
: Nasals are sonorants, and are thus typically voiced only.
-[m] -bilibial nasal (moth)
-[n] - alveolar nasal (nuthatch)
-[ŋ] - velar nasal (wing)
Variation in nasals: 'place' assimilation
-win more, can play, phone booth
-tin cup, mean guys, bacon grease
-triumph, nymph, comfort, some fun, in vain
-month, enthusiasm, on Thursday (cf. eight, width, health)
Liquids
: Liquid is a cover term given to 'l' and 'r' sounds
: What liquids have in common is that they are produced with unhindered airflow but nontheless involve some kind of obstruction in the oral tract (unlike glides and vowels, which are articulated with open approximation)
: Liquids are sonorants and are typically voiced.
Liquids: laterals
: With laterals, there is contact between the active articulator (the tongue) and the passive articulator(the roof of the mouth)
: But only the central part of the tongue is involved in this contact (mid-sagittal contact); there is no contact for (at least on of) the sides of the tongue.
: The air is free to exit along the channels down the sides of the oral tract, hence the name 'lateral'.
-only [l] exits in English.
Variation in laterals: clear vs. dark 'l'
-[l] leaf, let, please, clean, simply
-[ɫ] feel, tell, help, milk, film, simple,
-Clear /l/ is the normal /l/ sound produced as lateral liquid.
: Dark /l/, like clear /l/, is made with the tongue tip touching the alveolar ridge. primary articulation.
: In addition, there is a simulataneous raising of the back of the tongue towards the velum.
(secondary articularion(velarization)
Liquids: rhotics
:Rhotics include a wide variety of articulations, even within English:
-the alveolar trill(진동/rrr) [r]: the tongue blade vibrates repeatedly against the alveolar ridge (Scottish)
-the alveolar tap(/flap) [ɾ]: a single tap of the tongue blade against the alveolar ridge (North AE and Scottish)
-the alveolar [ɹ]: produced with the tongue blade raised towards the alveolar ridge and the sides of the tongue in contact with the molars, forming a narrow channel down the middle of the tongue (many kinds of BE, including RP)
-the retroflex [ɺ̢]: produced in a way similar to [ɹ] but with the tongue blade curled back to a post-alveolar position (North AE and South West BE)
Glides
: In articulatory terms, glides are rather more like vowels than consonants, since there is no contact of any kind between the articulators (cf. semi-vowels).
: Glides behave like consonants, however, in that they do not form syllable nuclei.
-[j] a palatal glide (similar to [i], with the front of the tongue close to the palate) (e.g. yes)
-[w] a labial-velar glide (similar to [u], with rounded lips and the back of the tongue raised toward the velum) (e.g. weight)
-[ɥ] a labial-palatal glide (similar to the front round vowel [y] in lui [lɥi] him in French)