English Consonants

Manner of articulation (MOA)

; MOA refers to the vertical relationship between the active and passive articulations, i.e. the distance between them(usually known as stricture:간격)

 

stops                  ↑                협착 커짐, 거리 좁아짐 (less distance bet. active and passive articulators.

affricates                                                             greater stricture, = narrowing of a passage)

fricatvives      

liquids

glides

vowels                ↓                 협착 작아짐, 거리 멀어짐 (greater distance bet. active and passive less stricture)

 

 

 

Stops : are consonants in which the airstream is completely blocked in the oral cavity for a short period.

pie, buy, tie, die, kye, gyu, my, nigh, sing (m,n,ng는 비음이자 stops) 완전한 폐쇄

 

Fricatives: When the artivulators are close together, but without complete closure (a stricture known as close approximation), the air is forced through the narrow gap between the articulators, causing some turbulence.매우 가까운 접근

five, vie, thight, thy, sigh, zoo, shy, pleasure, high 

 

Affricatea (파찰음): are produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative (i.e. stop plus fricative).

church, judge

 

Glides: for the other major sound types - liquids, glides and vowels - there is relatively free passage of air through the oral tract.

-For vowels and glides (or semi-vowels), the articulators are wide apart and the air flows unhindered -> open approximation

yolk, woke

 

Liquids: there is both contact and free air passage.

-For the 'r' sound, the sides of the tongue are in contact with the gums, but the air flows freely down the center of the tongue.

-For the 'l' sound, the center of the tongue is in contact with the alveolar ridge but the air flows out freely over the lowered sides of the tongue.

rake, lake

 

 

Place of articulation

; Consonants are the sounds fot which obstruction or stricture occurs in the airflow from the lungs.

; POA refers to the point where such atricture.

; POA specifies the position of the highest point of the active articulator (usually some part of the tongue, but the lower lip may also be the active articulator) in relation to the passive articulator.

 

bilabial

labiodental

(inter)dental

alveolar

alveo-palatal

palatal

velar

glottal

 

POA	Active Articulator	Passive articulator	Example
bilabial	lower lip	upper lip	bat, p, m
labiodental	lower lip	upper teeth	fish, v
dental	tongue tip or blade	upper teeth	moth
alveolar	tongue tip ot blade	aveolar ridge	dog, t, s, z, l, n
retroflex	Curled tongue tip	Area immediately behind alveolar ridge	r, Malayalam[kuttl] child
palato-alveolar	tongue blade	Area immediately behind alveolar ridge	shark
palatal	tongue front	hard palatal	yak
velar	tongue back	velum	goat, k, ng
uvular	tongue back	uvula	Fr. rat 'rat'
pharyngeal	tongue root	pharynx wall	Ar.

 

 

Consonant classification

 

-the airstream mechanism

-the state of the vocal chord

-the state of the velum

-the place of articulation

-The manner of articulation

 

*'p' in pig: pulmonic egressive, voiceless, oral, bilabial, stop