Basic Articulatory Phonetics

Phonetics vs. Phonology

 

: Phonetics is the physical description of the actual individual sonds used in human languages. e.g. articulatory, auditory, acoustic phonetics.

: phonology studies the sounds are organized into patterns(i.e. the relationa among sounds,) and systems(i.e. the inventory of truly significants')

 

Sound patterns: may be simple as the fact that the velar nasal [ng] cannot begin a syllable in English, or as complex as why the g in sign is silent, but is pronounced in the related word signature. (cf. autumn vs. autumnal, bomb vs. bombard)

 

: Phonetics studies the surface, physical aspects of sounds, phonology deals with the underlying, mental aspects that control this usage. Phonology concerns what's in our head.

 

: Phonology is part of our linguistic competence and phonetics is rather about performance. N. Chomsky

 

*Articulatory phonetics: how the speech sounds are produced by the speaker

 

Aspects of speech production to consider:

a. the airstream mechanism

b. the state of the vocal cords

c. the state of the velum

d. the manner of articulation

e. the place of  articulation

 

 

Airstream mechanism

 

*The major initiator is the lungs

-trachea (windpipe)

-larynx (in the Adam's apple) 성대

-vocal tract성도 (pharynx인두 +oral cavity구강 +nasal cavity비강)

 

*Types of airstream mechanism

-pulmonic(허파에서부터 airstream 시작, 영어/한국어 포함 거의 모든 언어), velaric(연구개에서), glottalic(성문에서 시작)

-egressive, ingressive (공기의 흐름 방향에 따라 구분)

 

**English is pulmonic egressive, uesd in all human languages. Velaric ingressive- Zulu(S. Africa), glottalic egressive- Navajo, glottalic ingressive- Sindhi.

 

 

*Larynx안에 Vocal cords

*Vocal Tract 3부분 - Oral cavity, Nasal cavity, Pharynx

*입천장 3부분 - Alveolar ridge(치경), Hard palate(경구개) , Velum(연구개), Uvula(구개수)

 

 

The state of the vocal cords

 

 

 

The state of the velum

 

*Velum: (or soft palate) is a muscular flap at the back of the roof the mouth. When the velu, is raised all the way to touch the back of the throat, the passage through the nose is cut off and air can escape only through the mouth(=oral sound). When the velum is not in its raised position air escape through both the nose and the mouth(=nasal sound)

 

 

*주요 조음 기관 명칭과 형용사형

 

1. Oral cavity

2. Nasal cavity

3. Lip - labial

4. Teeth - dental

5. Alveolar ridge - alveolar

6. Palate - palatal

7. Velum - velar

8. Uvula - uvular

9. Pharynx - pharyngeal

10. Larynx - laryngeal

 

 

The active and passive articulators

 

*The active articulators - lower lips and toungue

*the passive articulators - the upper surface of the oral tract