April's Diary RSS FEED

힐다가 좋은 점

거인과 인간과 소인의 관계성

싱글마더

여러 유형의 여성

여러 인종

여러 가족의 형태

Manner of articulation (MOA)

; MOA refers to the vertical relationship between the active and passive articulations, i.e. the distance between them(usually known as stricture:간격)

stops                  ↑                협착 커짐, 거리 좁아짐 (less distance bet. active and passive articulators.

affricates                                                             greater stricture, = narrowing of a passage)

fricatvives      

liquids

glides

vowels                ↓                 협착 작아짐, 거리 멀어짐 (greater distance bet. active and passive less stricture)

Stops : are consonants in which the airstream is completely blocked in the oral cavity for a short period.

pie, buy, tie, die, kye, gyu, my, nigh, sing (m,n,ng는 비음이자 stops) 완전한 폐쇄

Fricatives: When the artivulators are close together, but without complete closure (a stricture known as close approximation), the air is forced through the narrow gap between the articulators, causing some turbulence.매우 가까운 접근

five, vie, thight, thy, sigh, zoo, shy, pleasure, high 

Affricatea (파찰음): are produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative (i.e. stop plus fricative).

church, judge

Glides: for the other major sound types - liquids, glides and vowels - there is relatively free passage of air through the oral tract.

-For vowels and glides (or semi-vowels), the articulators are wide apart and the air flows unhindered -> open approximation

yolk, woke

Liquids: there is both contact and free air passage.

-For the 'r' sound, the sides of the tongue are in contact with the gums, but the air flows freely down the center of the tongue.

-For the 'l' sound, the center of the tongue is in contact with the alveolar ridge but the air flows out freely over the lowered sides of the tongue.

rake, lake

Linguistic Knowledge

*Language: Gift only to human

 - We talk all the time, even in sleep

 - Language makes humans human.

*Linguistic knowledge

 - The ability to speak and be understood by others

 - The knowledge that most speakers are unaware of

c.f. writing letters is different ability.

*But what dose it mean to 'know' a language?

 - the sound system

 - words

 - the creativity

 - sentences & nonsentences

Knowledge of the sound system

*Knowledge unconsciously what sounds are in that language & what sounds are not

e.i. English [f] / Korean [p]

*Knowledge of sounds is language specific

Knowledge of Words

*Knowing that certain sound sequences signify certain concepts or meanings

*The sound units that are related to specific meanings -> words

*The arbitrary relationship between form (sounds) & meaning(concept)

*Sound symbolism : sometime pronunciation suggests meaning

*Most onomatopieic words

The Creativity of Linguistic Knowledge

*Creative aspect of language use: being able to produce new sentences never spoken before and to understand sentences never heard before.

*There is no 'longest sentence'

*Creativity is a universal property of human language: all languages are like that.

Knowledge if Sentences & Nonsentences

*To memorize and store an infinite set of sentences is not possible: The brain is finite.

*Putting one word after another in any order does not form sentences

*Linguistic knowledge includes determining which strings of words are and which are not sentences

Linguistic Competence vs. Performance

*Distinction by N. Chomsky

*Competence: -The native speaker's idealized knowledge to produce sentence of a language, language universal(independent), complete and perfect, linguistic knowledge

*Performance: The actual use of that language in concrete situations, incomplete and imperfect (e.g. slips of tongue)

Grammar

*The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning such as words, and the rules to combine all of these to form sentences with the desired meaning. - Rules or principles

*Two models of grammar: Descriptive grammar, Prescriptive grammar

Descriptive Grammars: 기술문법

-What native speakers know about their language in order to make use of it.

-Every human being who speaks a language knows its grammer.

-Linguistic describe the grammer of the language that exists in the minds of its speakers.

-Grammaticality

  *grammatical (depending on dialect, style, etc): She doesn't know, she don't know

  *Ungrammatical (regardless of style): She not know, She known't

-NO language or dialect is superior to any other in a linguistic sense.

-No grammar, therefore no language, is either superior or inferior to any other.

-Every grammar is equally complex, logical, and capable of producing an infinite set of sentences to express any thought.

Prescriptive Grammars: 규정문법

-Rules of proper usage that distinguish "good" grammar from "bad" grammar: I is okay -> Bad

-An attempt to tell the users of the language how to use it in order to speak correctly

-Grammarians wish to prescribe rather than describe the rules of grammar

-They believed that language change is corruption, and that there are certain forms that all educated people should use in speaking and writing -> Language Purists

Fallacies concerning Grammar

-There are languages that have "no" grammar or "little" grammar.

-Certian types of grammars are simpler and hence more "primitive" than others.

-Grammars should be "logical"

-Grammars "deteriorate" or "evolve"

Teaching Grammar

-Grammar used in school to fullfill language requirements.

-State explicity the rules of the language, list the words and their pronunciations, and aid in learning a new language or dialect.

-Assumes that the student already knows one language and compares the grammar of the target language with that of the native language. (모국어 간섭)

Language Universals

-Laws representing the universal properties of all languages constitute a universal grammar

-N. Chomsky: There is a universal grammar that is part of the human biologically endowed language faculty.

Human beings are born with an innate "blueprint" for language -> Universal Grammar

-The linguist's goal is to discover the "laws of human language"