Pre-OE: Palatalization and I-Umlaut

시간이 흘러 Germanic 도 갈라져 일어나기 시작한 변화

 

PIE->Gmc->Branches of Gmc->Pre-OE

 

(선사 고대 영어 시대- 문헌 없는 고대)OE

 

*Pre-OE Palatalization(입천장 딱딱한 부분; 구개음화) *조음음성학 들을것!

 

: labial, dental, alveolar, velar (No Palatal!)  e.g. 굳이->구지, 구도->구도 (vowel difference, 모음'l'는 palatal sound 이기 때문에 자음이 미리 이동하며 자음변화가 일어남)

 

*Pre-OE palatalization of velars in some West Germanic dialects(ingvaeonic): 영어 속한 westG에서만 발생, EastG(German:독일어)에서는 일어나지 않음

  /k/>/c/./g/(velar)>/j/,/sk/>/s/ before or after front vowels or the palatal glide/j/

 

 

Palatalization

 

*/k/>/c^/(spelled<c'>in OE : 모음 i에 의한 구개음화

 

OE   c'ildru      Ger   kinder          PE  children  

OE   c'iric'e      Ger   kurikon        PE  church

OE   c'easter    Lat   castrum        PE  -chester:

                     'military camp'         Manchester, Winchester (-caster: Lancaster)차용된 시기에 따라 같은 단어인데 형태가 달라짐

OE   c'salc       Lat    calcem        PE   chalk

OE   c'eap       Lat    caupo         PE   cheap

 

NO Palatalization

 

OE  corn           Gth   kaurn

OE  cliff            Swd  klippa

 

OE   cent 'Kent'            <  Lat   Cantia

OE   cene 'keen'           Old high Ger   kuomi

OE   cylen 'kiln'            <  Lat   culima

OE   cyssan 'kiss'           Old Sax   kussian

 

*[sk]>[s] (spelled <sc> in OE

 

OE   scip          Dan     skib         PE   ship

OE   fisc           NGmc  fisk          PE   fish

 

c.f  skip, skin, skim, skill,sky  (sk 앞 i=> Scandinavian loan words, native words changed into 'sh')

 

 

 

Doublets produced by platalized vs. nonplatalized forms

 

*Doublets: two or more words from the same earlier form,

 

e.g. Gmc blaikjan  

OE   bl'ae'c'an   O Norse  blaikr

PE   bleach    vs.    bleak

 

OE  sc[s^]yrte,   O Norse   skyrta

PE   shirt      vs.    skirt

 

 

*[g]>[j] (spelled <g'>[j] in OE>

 

OE   geolu (이에올루)      Ger   gelb            PE  yellow

OE   geard                          Dan  gard            PE  yard

 

 

Palatalization in Old French

 

*Latin/k/>/c^/before /a/ in Norman French(NF) words, many of which were borrowed into English after the Norman conquest:

 

Lat    campus                NF     champion          PE     champion

                                                                         (campus)

Lat    candela                NF     chandelier          PE     chandler

                                                                  (chandelier, candle)

Lat    cantare(암탉)      NF     chanter             PE     chant

                                                                         (cantata)

 

 

 

Pre-OE Umlaut

 

*Umlaut of back vowel in all Germanic dialects except Gothic before high vowels and the palatal glide [j]

PGmc *[u]>[u"] (spelled <y> in OE

PGmc*[o]>[o"](later spelled<e> in OE

 

*The attraction of vowels towards the upper corner of the vowel space (I-Umlaut) (Lass 1994:60)

 

*I-Umlaut and its morphological effect

 

                       sg.                            pl.

Input             *mu:s                          *mu:s-i-

I-Umlaut         *mu:s                         *mu":s-i- (phonetic:음운 변화 예측 가능)

i-deletion        *mu:s                         *mu":s  (앞에 fixed stress 때문에 ending vowel 탈락)

OE output        mu:s                          my:s  (phonemic: )

 

*PGmc    go-s   'goose'        vs.    go-siz   'geese'

 PGmc    fo-t    'foot'           vs.    fo-tiz   'feet'

 

PGmc     lang (Adj.)        PE   long

PGmc     langip             PE   length