Characteristics of the Germanic Branch

Characteristics of the Germanic Branch

 

1. Morphologically marked distinction between past and non-past tenses

 

1.1. Dental suffix /D/ or Vowel change

 

-PE sing-sang-song (ablaut 오리지널형에서 변형, non-germanic에서 다 발견)

-PE work-worked-worked (dental suffix, past -ed)

*dental suffix is a germanic innovation, germanic에서만 발견됨, PIE에서 갈라진 이후 발생(germanic 내부에선 갈라지지 않은 때)

 

Weak verbs(dental suffix): OE deman(original)-demde(singular past)-gedemed(p.p) 'judge'

Strong verbs(ablaut): bitan-bat-biton-gebiten 'bite'

 

1.2. Strong form vs. weak forms of adjectives

 

-Strong form

Adjective+Noun: e.g. PE good water

 

-Weak form

*Demonstrative+ADJ.+N e.g. PE the good water

*Pssessive Pronoun+ADJ.+N e.g. PE my good water

 

OE     micel guma       se micela guma

Latin   magnus homo   iste magnus homo

PE      (a) great man    the great man 

 

 

1.3. Fixed stress accent on root initial syllable

 

-IE free pitch accent vs. Gmc fixed Stress

*pitch는 vocal chord에서 결정, 높낮이, stress는 강약, 탈락되는 음이 많음

 

1.4. First Germanic Consonant Shift (not change, shift)

 

*<Grimm's Law> **영어사에서 가장 중요한 shift는 Grimm's Law와 Great Vowel Shift(14세기 전후 발생)

 

*aspiration 사라지고 fricative 생김

 

-PIE voiceless stops/p,t,k/>Gmc voiceless fricatives /f,θ,x/

 

*/p/>/f/    Latin   pedis, pes,               PE   foot (pedestrian: loan word)

                        pater                     OE   fader

                        clepo                    Goth hlifan (kleptomaniac: loan word)

 

*/t/>/θ/    Latin    tu                         OE   'thou'

                        tres                        PE   three

 

*/k/>/x/  Latin   caput                      OE  heofud  ' head'

x->h                                                    (PE capital; chapter: 각 latin, old french에서 loan word)

                        centum                   PE   hund(red)   'red는 숫자라는 뜻'

 

-PIE voiced stops/b,d,g/>Gmc voiceless stops /p,t,k/

 

*/b/>/p/    Greek  kannabis                 OE henep 'hemp'

 

*/d/>/t/     Latin  dens, dentis              PE  tooth (dentist: loan)

                    duo                                 two

 

*/g/>/k/    Latin   ager                       PE  acre   (agriculture: loan)

                        granum                        corn

 

**당연히 sementic change 수반

 

 

-PIE voiced aspirated stops /bh,dh,gh/>Gmc voiced stops /b,d,g/

 

IE       *bh      *dh       *gh

Lat       f          f           h

skt      bh        dh         h

Gmc     b         d          g

 

*/bh/>/b/   Skt   bharati                    PE  bear  'carry'

                Lat   fero                                     ferry

 

*/dh/>/d/   skt  madhu                     PE   mead

 

*/gh/>/g/   Lat   hurtus 'garden'          PE   garden   (horticulture)

                       hostis 'enemy'           Go   gasts  'stranger'

                                                    PE   hostile

 

Grimm's Law (Apparent Exceptions)

 

-After a voiceless stop

Latin  octo                      OE  eahta                 PE  eight

Latin  captus                   OE  h(ea)ft                PE  captive

 

-After [s]

Latin  spuo                     PE  spit

Latin  stella                    PE  star

Latin  scutum 'shield        Old Norse   ski

 

 

- Verner's Law

: After Grimm's Law, certain changes occured again. Germanic voiceless fricatives / f,θ,x,s/ (resulting Grimm's law) became voiced fricatives /v, ð,z / when they were between voiced sounds and preceded by an unaccented vowel.

 

Lat  caput 'head'               Gothic   haubip

Grk klutos 'famous'            OE       hlud  'loud'

Grk dekas  'group of ten     Gothic  tigus

Skt  snusa 'daughter in law  OE       snoru

 

-Grimm>Verner>Subsequent changes

Subsequent sound changes in some dialects

Rhotacism:[z]>[r]

(Latin flos; flosis > flozis>floris

 

Phonological strengthening: [v ð ]> [b d g]

 

 

-cognate words