Proto-Indo-European and the Comparative Method

Proto-Indo-European and the Comparative Method

 

Language families and Languages

 

-Ruthlen(1987)

*17 languages families/5000 languages

 

-Non-I.E Families

*Hamitic: Berber, Somali, Hausa (아프리카쪽 햄 어족)

*Semitic: Hebrew, Arabic

*Sino-Tibetan: Cantonese, Mandarin, Tibetan, Bermese

*Ural-Altaic: Finnish, Estonish, Hungarian, Turkish, Tukestan, Azerbaijan(중앙아시아)

 

Neogrammarians

 

-German 'Junggrammatiker'

*19~20C, working on I.E languages in and around Leipzig

*Paul, Brugmann, Osthoff

*구조주의 확산- 소쉬르(역사언어학자)

*Loan Translation(차음 번역): e.i. good morning->좋은 아침입니다

 

-Recognition of similarities found between languages

*16세기 이후 영국의 식민지 개발 부터 인도 유럽어권을 벗어나 영어가 다른 언어와 비교되기 시작

*e.i. 산스크리트<->고대 그리스어,라틴어와 유사점 많이 발견

*진화론에 영향을 받아 최초의 언어로부터 여러 갈래 언어 파생 가능성 염두에 두기 시작

 

- Reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European(PIE) 

 

Language Family Tree Model (족보형 이론)

 

-19c August Schleicher

: Comparative Linguistics (평형 비교)

Historical Linguistics(수직 비교)

 

 

Reconstruction

 

-Grouping or Branching

*Race

*Geography

*Historical Background

*Linguistic Features

: Cognate words(동족어)(Latin cognatus 'related by birth, born together')=아주 기초적인 언어로 선사이전부터 존재하는 단어들, 태생적 연관어

**words which exhibit similarities in forms and meaning that are too systematic, too regular, to be attributed to chance or accident, or to borrowing as a result of contact between languages

 

**Loan words vs. Cognate words

***e.g. Latin dens, dent  vs. English Dental(Loan), tooth(Cognate)

***Test of historical plausibility

***Knowledge of historical sound change

***Phonological correspondences (e.g. L duo vs. E two)

 

Cognate Words

 

-Cognate words in IE languages

*Bodily parts(heart, head, foot)

*Natural phenomena(winter, cold)

*Numerals

*kinship terms(father, mother, sister)

 

-Unsuitable words

*Coincidence(English many vs. Korean 많이)

*Loan words(Latin dent vs. English dental)

*Infant words(English mom vs. Welsh man)

*Echoic words(English miaow vs. Chinese mi-mi)

 

 

Wave Hypothesis

 

- 19c Johannes Schmidt

*A linguistic change begins among speakers and spreads to others, like a wave expanding on the surface of a pound

 

*겹친 부분은 언어접촉으로 변화, family tree이론을 보충하기 위한 이론 (상호보완적)

 

The Origin of IE

 

-5000 B.C~3000 B.C

-Late Stone Age

-Relatively cool area (eastern Erope or western Asia)

-Extensive migration

 

Centum vs. Satem

 

-PIE *(unattested form, reconstructed form) k'mtom 'hundred'

*Avestan: satem

*Latin: centum

 

-Centum: Germanic, Celtic, Italic, Hellenic

-Satem: Balto-slavic, Armenian, Albanian, Indo-Iranian

 

 

**사어(Dead language)

:mother tongue으로 사용하는 언어가 한사람도 남아있지 않은 언어